Faust

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Front cover of Faust

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust is a tragic play. It was published in two parts: Faust: der Tragödie erster Teil (translated as: Faust: The Tragedy Part One) and Faust: der Tragödie zweiter Teil (Faust: The Tragedy Part Two). The play is a closet drama, meaning that it is meant to be read rather than performed. It is Goethe's most famous work and considered by many to be one of the greatest plays of German literature.

Part One was preliminarily completed by Goethe in 1806. The 1808 publication was followed by the revised 1828–1829 edition, which was the last to be edited by Goethe himself. Prior to these appeared a partial printing in 1790 of Faust, a Fragment. The earliest forms of the work, known as the Urfaust, were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the details of that development are no longer entirely clear.

Goethe finished writing Faust Part Two in 1832, the year of his death. In contrast to Faust Part One, the focus here is no longer on the soul of Faust, which has been sold to the devil, but rather on social phenomena such as psychology, history and politics. The second part formed the principal occupation of Goethe's last years and appeared only posthumously in 1832.

Part One

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:

  • Heinrich Faust, a scholar, sometimes said to be based on the real life of Johann Georg Faust, or on Jakob Bidermann's dramatized account of the Legend of the Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus
  • Mephistopheles, a Devil
  • Gretchen, Faust's love (short for Margaret; Goethe uses both forms)
  • Marthe, Gretchen’s neighbour
  • Valentin, Gretchen’s brother
  • Wagner, Faust's famulus

Faust Part One is a complex story. It takes place in multiple settings, the first of which is heaven. Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can deflect God's favorite human being (Faust), who is striving to learn everything that can be known, away from righteous pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study where Faust, despairing at the vanity of scientific, humanitarian and religious learning, turns to magic for the showering of infinite knowledge. He suspects, however, that his attempts are failing. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, but rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Easter celebrations begin. He goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by a stray poodle.

In Faust’s study, the poodle transforms into the devil. Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth, and in exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell. Faust's arrangement is that if during the time while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die in that instant.

After the Devil wants Faust to sign the pact with blood, Faust complains that the devil does not trust Faust's word of honor. In the end, Mephisto wins the argument, and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margarete (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewelry and help from a neighbor, Martha, the devil draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. Faust seduces Gretchen and they sleep together. Gretchen’s mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to obtain privacy so that Faust may visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen’s brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and the devil. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil flee the dungeon but at that time, voices from heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved.

Part Two

Rich in classical allusion, in Faust Part Two, the romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies to initiate a new cycle of adventures and purpose. The piece consists of five acts – relatively isolated episodes – each representing a different theme. Yet in the end Faust goes to heaven even though he technically loses the bet. He wins out because as the Angels say at the end of Act V, "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (V, 11936-7).

Relationship between the parts

Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; the ultimate conclusion of the tragedy and the outcome of the wagers are only revealed in Faust Part Two. The first part represents the "small world" and takes place in the commoners' milieu, and presents a criticism of society.模板:Fact In contrast, Part Two takes place in the "wide world" or macrocosmos of politics and industrialism, and criticizes politics and the greed of the early industrialists. This play is composed of fragments, written by Goethe over a long period of time.

Influence

The story of Faust inspired a great deal of literature, music and illustration and countless interpretations have been made of Faust Part Two (Jungian, Freudian, sociological, alchemical, literary and classical to name but a few).

Although today many of the classical and Central European themes may be hard for the modern reader to grasp, the work can still be considered as pertinent in the field of science and scientific understanding. In heavily poetic terms, Goethe offers an involved, holistic approach to these areas of study quite different from our own view of science as a wholly analytic field but, nevertheless, very much in tune with some modern thinking.

In the fourth book of his main work, Schopenhauer praised Goethe’s portrayal of Gretchen and her suffering. In Schopenhauer’s discussion of salvation from the suffering of the world, he cited this section of Faust as exemplifying one of the ways to sanctity.模板:Quote

Especially the first part has also had a big influence on German rhetorics. To name only two examples: "des Pudels Kern", literally: "the core of the poodle", meaning the real nature, the deeper meaning of something (that was not evident before). It appears as a part of an exclamation by Faust as the poodle, which followed him home, turns into Mephistopheles. Another example: When Faust and Gretchen get to know each other better and better, Gretchen asks Faust if he is religious (because she herself is very pious). Because of this, the question if someone is religious is also called "Gretchenfrage" (Gretchen question) in German.

Historic productions

Part One

Part Two

  • 2003 of Ingmar Thilo; with Antonios Safralis (fist), Raphaela Zick (Mephisto), Ulrike DOS valley (Helena), max of Friedmann (Lynceus) among other things.
  • 2005 Michael Thalheimer at Deutsches Theater with a.o. Ingo Hülsmann, Sven Lehmann, Nina Hoss and Inge Keller
  • The second section of Mahler's Symphony No. 8 is a cantata for the last scene in part II of Goethe's Faust.

Entire piece

  • July 22–23, 2000: The Expo 2000 Hanover performance: Directed by Peter Stein; both parts in their complete version, with Bruno Ganz and Christian Nickel (the young and the old Faust), Johann Adam Oest (Mephistopheles), Dorothée Hartinger, Corinna Kirchhoff and Elke Petri. Complete playing length (with intervals): 21 hours.

References in popular culture

模板:Trivia

The following bands or songs reference Faust:

  • The virtual band Gorillaz has a song called "Faust", which appears on their G-Sides album.
  • Christian/alternative rock band Switchfoot has a song called "Faust, Midas and Myself" on their album Oh! Gravity.
  • The DCI drum corps Phantom Regiment's 2006 program was titled "Faust" and based on this legend.
  • English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth has a song named "Absinthe with Faust", which appears on their Nymphetamine album.
  • The Trans-Siberian Orchestra's album Beethoven's Last Night deals with the fictional last night that Beethoven lived. In the album, the devil, called Mephistopheles, offers Beethoven the chance to save his soul from eternal damnation if he agrees to erase his music from history.
  • English cult Indie Pop band, Stone Roses, in a song called ”I wanna be adored” has a line that says ”I don't have to sell my soul, he's already in me...”
  • The punk rock band The Lawrence Arms has quoted Goethe's Faust on two of their albums.
  • The Metal band Kamelot has released two albums, Epica and The Black Halo, which are concept albums following a storyline heavily influenced by the first and second book by Goethe, though with Alterations to the story, such as Mephisto originally being an archangel who loved God, and Ariel ("Faust") having known Helena ("Gretchen") almost all his life, long before the events of the story take place.
  • The first drummer of the Norwegian Metal band Emperor adopted the name Faust.
  • The Industrial band, Rusty Hack-Saw Project, titled their second LP, 'Finding Earthworms Brings Us Joy', which is a reference to a line from Part One of the play. On the album, the Intro and Outro are both Readings of Segments of the play. The Intro being of Faust's speech that includes the line referenced in the title, and the Outro is a closing statement that Mephisopheles makes close to the end of Part Two.
  • Zion I and the Grouch's single, 'Trigger,' aludes to Faust: "You just like Dr. Faust with all them dealings with the devil."
  • The avant-garde black metal band "Urfaust," centers their lyrical themes around Goethe's writings.
  • Radiohead reference Faust in several songs, including "Faust Arp" and "Videotape," on their 2007 album In Rainbows.

The following TV shows reference Faust:

  • An Episode in the tenth season of Frasier features a scene where Frasier's ex-agent Bebe attempts to tempt him back. At her hotel suite, Bebe excuses herself to the bathroom. Frasier opens the window, letting in a red light and a Gregorian chant is heard from outside. Bebe comes out of the bathroom, steam billowing around her and she tempts Frasier to join him and that she'd make his dreams come true. Frasier refuses and runs out of the suite in a panic, discovering as he leaves that Bebe's room number is 666.

The following movies reference Faust:

  • In the anime Shaman King, One of Yoh's opponents is Faust VIII, a character who is a descendant of the original Faust from the legend.
  • A line from the play in quoted in the movie V for Vendetta. It is written on the mirror in V's home, "The Shadow Gallery".
  • In the movie Tombstone, the characters watch a short play based on Faust while they converse on the subject matter.

The following games reference Faust:

  • In Soul Calibur, one of Siegfried Schtauffen's weapons is called faust. The sword was used by him in his early story during his mercernary days. It's said that this sword was the sword that Siegfried used to kill his father, Frederick.
  • The Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game: Final Fantasy XI has a Notorious Monster named Faust.
  • The 2-D fighting game franchise Guilty Gear has a selectable character named Faust.
  • The computer game Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal contains a lich named VanGoethe who makes a Faustian pact with a man named Marlowe.
  • The Playstation game Legend of Dragoon features a side-story boss named Magician Faust.
  • There is an episode of El Chapulín Colorado, a mexican tv serie in the 70s which the Chespirito's character, Chapulín, tells the history of Faust.

References

Much of the content of this article is translated from the equivalent German-language wikipedia article (retrieved November 6, 2005). The German articles Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gustaf Gründgens, and Knittelvers were also referred to. The following references are cited by the German-language Faust I:

  • H. Arens Kommentar zu Goethes Faust I. Heidelberg 1982, Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, ISBN 3-533-03184-5
  • A. Schöne Faust. Kommentare. Enthalten in: Goethe Faust. Frankfurt am Main 1994, Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, ISBN 3-618-60270-7
  • U. Gaier Faust-Dichtungen. Kommentar I. Enthalten in: Johann Wolfgang Goethe Faust-Dichtungen. Stuttgart 1999, Philipp Reclam jun. Verlag, ISBN 3-15-030019-3
  • Gero von Wilpert: Goethe encyclopedia, Stuttgart, Kroener 1998, ISBN 3-520-40701-9
  • Gerhard Kaiser, Ist der Mensch zu retten? Vision und Kritik der Moderne in Goethes Faust, Rombach Wissenschaft, ISBN 3-7930-9113-9 (German)

External links

模板:Wikisourcelang 模板:Wikisourcelang 模板:Wikisource

取自「http://wiki.cyesuta.org/index.php?title=Faust&oldid=669」