M1911手槍

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M1911是一把由約翰·勃朗寧設計、裝填.45 ACP子彈的單動式擊發半自動手槍。在1911年到1985年間作爲標準配置被美國軍警攜帶,直到現在仍有一些部門裝配此手槍。其在第一次世界大戰第二次世界大戰韓戰越戰中都被廣泛應用。在1940年,1911年設計的M1911的正式名稱是.45口徑自動手槍 M1911(Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911)、1924年設計的M1911A1的正式名稱是.45口徑自動手槍 M1911A1(Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1),到了越戰時期則改稱.45口徑手槍 自動 M1911A1(Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911A1)。在整個服役期間美國共生產了270萬支M1911及M1911A1手槍。

M1911可說是勃朗寧使用短後座力原理的設計中最爲人知的一支手槍。其影響力不止使其本身設計被廣泛流傳,這種驅動系統也被推上20世紀、甚至近代武器設計的高峰。

歷史

發跡

M1911手槍誕生在1890年代後期,一場尋找適合的軍用半自動手槍試驗中。在這十年中,美軍大量增加服役槍支的種類,其中包括幾種手槍和兩把步槍(the M1892/96/98 Krag and M1895 Navy Lee),陸軍和海軍也採用了柯爾特Smith & Wesson生産的多款左輪手槍。進入20世紀之後還是保持了這個步調,一邊繼續採用各類左輪、一邊試驗新的半自動手槍,直到M1911在10年之後出現在巔峰。

Hiram S. Maxim曾在1880年代設計過一支自動手槍,但隨後就迷上了機關槍。即便如此,他利用子彈的力量再裝填的應用原理啓發了1890年代多款自動手槍。而這些設計吸引了許多軍隊的注意,這些部隊紛紛開始研究適合自己用的自動手槍。在20世紀到來前,美國軍方正式啓動了一系列的試驗。最初其試驗品包括MauserC96 "Broomhandle")、Mannlicher(Steyr Mannlicher M1894)和柯爾特(柯爾特M1900)的產品。.

This led to a purchase of 1,000 DWM Luger pistols, chambered in 7.65 mm Luger, a bottlenecked cartridge. These would go on field trials but ran into some issues, especially in regard to stopping power. Other governments had also made similar complaints, which resulted in DWM producing an enlarged version of the round, the 9mm Parabellum (known in current military parlance as the 9x19mm NATO), a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the U.S. Army in 1903.

General William Crozier became Chief of Ordnance of the Army in 1901.

美菲戰爭中遭遇到摩洛遊擊隊的美軍發現標準的.38長柯爾特左輪手槍無法在叢林戰中有效發揮,尤其其停止作用不夠抵抗具備非常強的士氣並且借助藥物來消減身體疼痛的摩洛戰士。模板:Fact美軍只好重新啓用作爲19世紀最後十年的標準配置——裝填.45柯爾特子彈的M1873單動式擊發左輪手槍。其發射出來較慢、較重的子彈在對付部落遊擊隊時發揮了效果,於是在1902年美軍運輸了一批新.45左輪手槍到了菲律賓。此事件也促使當時的Chief of OrdnanceGeneral William Crozier批准進行新的軍用.45手槍試驗。

經過1904年湯普森·拉加德手槍試驗,John T. Thompson上校表示新的手槍將使用不小於.45的子彈並且傾向使用半自動作用原理的設計。1906年開始測試柯爾特薩維奇貝爾格曼Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken(DWM)、克魯比懷特·美林Webley(或史密斯·韋森?待考證)的設計。

六件設計提交之後,其中三件很快就被排除,留下了薩維奇、柯爾特和DWM三家的設計進入.45ACP(Automatic Colt Pistol,柯爾特自動手槍)試驗的決賽。雖然三家都還有需要改進的地方,但只有柯爾特和薩維奇重新遞交了改進的設計稿。這曾引發人們對DWM爲何沒有動作的討論,部分人認爲DWM遭受偏見並成爲另外兩家的戴罪羔羊[1],但這個理由與1900年代DWM被採購量高於柯爾特的事實不符。不管理由爲何,1907年到1911年間的試驗就圍繞在要從柯爾特及薩維奇的設計中選出最終作品。這段期間兩家公司都在改進他們的產品,柯爾特經過M1907及M1909之後在1910年研發出了M1910這支可靠的手槍。在最後的6,000發射擊測試中,柯爾特的設計以零故障打敗了有37次失靈的薩維奇設計。

服役

Comparison of government-issue M1911 and M1911A1 pistols
檔案:M151911.jpg
M15 General Officers adopted by the U.S. Army in the 1970s for issue to Generals.

在試驗中取得成功之後,這把柯爾特手槍在1911年3月29日正式被軍隊採用,也是其名稱——M1911(Model of 1911、1911型)的由來。到了1913年美國海軍美國海軍陸戰隊也開始裝配這支手槍。而本來只由柯爾特公司生産的M1911,在第一次世界大戰時期也因爲需求過盛開始在政府旗下的春田兵工廠生産。

從一戰戰場上取得的經驗造就了M1911的進步,1924年完成設計並在1926年投入生産的新版本被稱爲M1911A1。 Changes to the original design were minor and consisted of a shorter trigger, cutouts in the frame behind the trigger, a curved mainspring housing, a longer grip safety spur (to prevent hammer bite), a wider front sight, a shorter spur on the hammer, and simplified grip checkering.對此設計不夠熟悉是無法輕易分辨兩個版本的區別。M1911A1也沒有重大的内部改變,兩個版本間的許多零件也可以互換。

第二次世界大戰

第二次世界大戰期間對M1911有極大的需求,戰中約有190萬支被美軍製造並編制給各領域的軍人。其生産權被下放給幾家供應商:Remington Rand (90萬支)、柯爾特(40萬支)、Ithaca Gun Company(40萬支)、Union Switch & Signal(5萬支)、Singer(500支)、Springfield Armory及Rock Island Arsenal。但在1945年後,政府停止了製造新槍的訂單,而在必要時也傾向使用翻修的舊槍。這把手槍卻仍是許多軍事人員的最愛。[2]

二戰前有少數的柯爾特槍支授權給挪威武器工廠Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk (這些槍被稱爲"Kongsberg Colt")。 During the German occupation of Norway the production continued.這批手槍在現代收藏者之間非常熱門。德軍仿造了M1911A1並命名為660(a)手槍(Pistole 660(a))。[3]而1911模型也被當作Argentine Ballester-Molina、certain Spanish Star甚至1922年出身的Llama手槍的設計基礎。

在大部分領域被替代

二戰後,M1911還是被當作美軍在韓戰越戰甚至沙漠風暴行動中部分單位的主要隨身武器。並持續在伊拉克自由行動持久自由軍事行動中被美軍特種部隊使用。

然而在1970年代M1911A1也到了要被替換的年齡,加上北大西洋公約組織施加要使用北約手槍彈藥標準的壓力,美國空軍三軍輕武器總規劃委員會開始著手選擇符合北約標準9mm Parabellum手槍子彈(a cartridge that had been previously tested by the US Army in 1903 and found wanting)的半自動手槍。經過測試後Beretta 92S-1被選上了。This result was contested by the Army which subsequently ran its own competition (the XM9 trials) in 1981 which eventually lead to the official adoption of the Beretta 92F on January 14, 1985. By the later 1980s production was ramping up despite a controversial XM9 retrial and a separate XM10 reconfirmation, which was boycotted by some entrants of the original trials, cracks in the frames of the Beretta-produced pistols, and also despite a dangerous problem with slide separation that resulted in injuries to some US Navy service members. This last resulted in it being updated to the 92FS standard, which includes additional protection for the user.

90年代初期大多數的M1911A1被M9手槍取代,然而有一些特殊單位仍在使用它。其中比較顯著的例子就是美國海軍陸戰隊堅持使用M1911作爲其陸戰隊遠征部隊及偵查單位的配置(儘管USMC也採購了50,000把M9手槍)。而美國特種作戰司令部(USSOCOM)下達使用.45 ACP手槍的決議(Offensive Handgun Weapon System (OHWS) trials). This resulted in the Heckler & Koch OHWS becoming the MK23 Mod 0 Offensive Handgun Weapon System (beating a Colt OHWS, a much modified 1911).近年來這股對Beretta M9停止作用的不滿造就了1911在USSOCOM某些單位中的復活,但M9仍然佔據SOCOM及大部分美軍單位中的主要位置。

現在的使用者

檔案:Colt1911goldcup.JPG
A Colt 1911 Gold Cup National Match edition with nickel plating.

M1911A1被廣大美國警方SWAT部隊所喜愛,許多美國及其他國家的軍隊及執法組織也都有配置(多為改造過的)M1911A1。包括美國海軍陸戰隊兩栖偵查部隊、洛杉磯警方SWAT、FBI人質營救小組三角洲特種部隊在内的各種軍事組織都對其優秀的射擊感及.45的強大的停止作用偏愛有加。模板:Fact2001年華盛頓州的塔科馬警局創造了第一個大都會警局將M1911作爲官方配置50年的歷史,塔科馬警局將Kimber Pro Carry II及Pro Carry II HD作爲該局警察的可選配置。[4]

檔案:Smith&WessonSW1911.JPG
A basic version of Smith & Wesson's SW1911 with user-installed Pachmayr grips.
春田兵工廠製造的M1911A1

作爲一項運動或娛樂項目,M1911A1也非常受到美國大衆喜愛。這款手槍常被用作CCW、個人防衛、射擊、競技。無數的零部件讓使用者可以量身定做自己喜歡的樣式。因爲M1911實用、簡潔並帶著美國歷史色彩,越來越多人加入收藏1911型的行列。價差從最低端、$250的進口貨到高端、超過$3,000的高完成度成品,諸如由Smith and WessonRock River ArmsSpringfield ArmorySTI International IncStrayer Voigt IncU.S. Fire Arms Manufacturing Company[5]Kimber ManufacturingWilson CombatLes Baer等廠家生産的都有。

Due to an increased demand for M1911 pistols among Army Spec Ops units, who are known to field a variety of 1911 pistols, the Army Marksmanship Unit began looking to develop a new generation of M1911s and launched the M1911-A2 project in late 2004. The goal was to produce a minimum of seven variants with various sights, internal and external extractors, flat and arched mainspring housings, integral and add-on magazine wells, a variety of finishes and other options, with the idea of providing the end-user a selection from which to select the features that best fit their missions. The AMU performed a well received demonstration of the first group of pistols to the Marine Corps at Quantico and various Spec Ops units and Ft. Bragg and other locations. The project provided a feasibility study with insight into future projects. Models were loaned to various Spec Ops units, the results of which are classified. An RFP was issued for a Joint Combat Pistol but it was ultimately canceled. Currently units are experimenting with a 1911 platform in .40 which will incorporate lessons learned from the 1911 A2 project. Ultimately, the 1911 A2 project provided a test bed for improving existing 1911s. Perhaps we will see development of an improved 1911 variant in the near future.[6]

部分按照春田兵工廠給FBI地區SWAT及人質營救小組的合約生産的春田定製專業1911A1型(The Springfield Custom Professional Model 1911A1)手槍樣品允許被銷售給一般大衆,一把約要價US$2,500。

孟加拉反恐部隊RAB也在使用這把槍。

MEU(SOC) pistol

檔案:Colt Series 70 - pic1.jpg
A 1911 Colt Series 70.


Marine Expeditionary Units formerly issued M1911s to Force Recon units.模板:Fact Hand-selected Colt M1911A1 frames were gutted, deburred, and prepared for additional use by the USMC Precision Weapon Section (PWS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico. They were then assembled with after-market grip safeties, ambidextrous thumb safeties, triggers, improved high-visibility sights, accurized barrels, grips, and improved Wilson magazines. These hand-made pistols were tuned to specifications and preferences of end users.

In the late 1980s, Marine Corps Colonel Robert Young laid out a series of specifications and improvements to make Browning's design ready for 21st century combat, many of which have been included in MEU(SOC) pistol designs. However, as the U.S. Marine Corps began its process of hand selecting members from its Force Recon to be submitted to USSOCOM as Marine Corps Special Operations Command, Detachment One (MCSOCOM Det-1), the selection of a .45 ACP M1911A1-based pistol meant roughly 150 units would be needed, quickly. The PWS was already backlogged with producing DMRs, USMC SAM-Rs, and updating M40A1s to M40A3s, so Det-1 began the search for COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) surrogates to use. Discovering that the Los Angeles Police Department was pleased with their special Kimber M1911 pistols, a single source request was issued to Kimber for just such a pistol despite the imminent release of their TLE/RLII models. Kimber shortly began producing a limited number of what would be later termed the Interim Close Quarters Battle pistol (ICQB). Maintaining the simple recoil assembly, 5-inch barrel (though using a stainless steel match grade barrel), and internal extractor, the ICQB is not much different from Browning's original design.

檔案:Colt Series 70 - pic3.jpg
A 1911 Colt Series 70.

The final units as issued to MCSOCOM Det-1 are the Kimber ICQBs with Surefire IMPL (Integrated Military Pistol Light), Dawson Precision Rails, Tritium Novak LoMount sights, Gemtech TRL Tactical Retention Lanyards, modified Safariland 6004 holsters, and Wilson Combat '47D' 8 round magazines. They have reportedly been used with over 15,000 rounds apiece.

其它使用者

Numbers of Colt 1911s were used by the Royal Navy as sidearms during World War I in .455 Webley Automatic caliber. The handguns were then transferred to the Royal Air Force where they saw use in limited numbers up until the end of World War II as sidearms for air crew in event of bailing out in enemy territory.南韓空軍的一些單位仍在使用這批原始版作爲軍官配槍(2008)。

Norway used the Kongsberg Colt which was a license produced variant and is recognized by the unique slide catch. Many Spanish firearms manufacturers produced the M1911 such as the STAR Model P, the ASTAR 1911PL, just to name a few.[7] which eventually led to production of the cheaper Ballester-Molina.

巴西公司IMBEL(Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil)仍在生産數款.45作爲軍事及執法用途。

希臘陸軍仍有裝配M1911。這些槍支多是在1946年二戰期間及之後美國與共產主義對峙時作爲軍事援助品輸入的。[8]

泰國皇家陸軍仍在使用在越戰期間作爲軍事援助輸入的USGI 1911。

中國北方工業公司曾生産過一款克隆的1911A1並輸出到美國,但在1993年的貿易條約中遭到封鎖。

設計

Asking for a .45-caliber automatic pistol was a tall order that few manufacturers or inventors attempted successfully in the early 20th century. To accomplish this, Browning settled on a design that is so timeless, it has been changed little in nearly 100 years of production. The basic principle of the pistol is recoil operation. As the expanding combustion gases force the bullet down the barrel, they give reverse momentum to the slide and barrel which are locked together during this portion of the firing cycle. After the bullet has left the barrel, the slide and barrel continue rearward a short distance.

檔案:1911A1-JH02.jpg
Springfield Mil Spec field stripped
檔案:Colt Series 80 XSE - pic1.jpg
A 1911 Colt Series 80 XSE model.

At this point, a link pivots the barrel down, out of locking recesses in the slide, and brings the barrel to a stop. As the slide continues rearward, a claw extractor pulls the spent casing from the firing chamber and an ejector strikes the rear of the case pivoting it out and away from the pistol. The slide stops and is then propelled forward by a spring to strip a fresh cartridge from the magazine and feed it into the firing chamber. At the forward end of its travel, the slide locks into the barrel and is ready to fire again.

The military mandated a grip safety and a manual safety. A grip safety, sear disconnect, slide stop, half cock position, and manual safety (located on the left rear of the frame) are on all standard M1911A1s. Several companies have developed a firing pin block safety. Colt's 80 series uses a trigger operated one and several other manufacturers use a Swartz firing-pin safety, which is operated by the grip safety.模板:Fact

The same basic design has also been offered commercially and has been used by other militaries. In addition to the .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), models chambered for .38 Super, 9mm Parabellum, .400 Corbon, and other cartridges were also offered. The M1911 was developed from earlier Colt designs firing rounds such as .38 ACP. The design beat out many other contenders during the government's selection period, during the late 1890s and 1900s, up to the pistol's adoption. The M1911 officially replaced a range of revolvers and pistols across branches of the U.S. armed forces, though a number of other designs have seen use in certain niches.

Despite being challenged by newer and lighter weight pistol designs in .45 caliber, such as the Glock 21, the SIG Sauer P220 and the Heckler & Koch Mk 23, the 1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity, and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches, such as those of IDPA and IPSC.


規範

  • 子彈: .45 ACP;
  • 其他商業及軍用衍伸版本: .38 Super9 mm Parabellum.40 S&W10 mm Auto.400 Corbon.22 LR.50 GI、9x23 mm Winchester等。其中較爲著名的有9 mm Parabellum (9x19 mm)、.38 Super和10 mm Auto。
  • 槍管:政府版的5 in(127 mm); 4.25 in (108 mm) Commander, and the 3.5 in (89 mm) Officer's ACP. Some modern "carry" guns have significantly shorter barrels and frames, while others use standard frames and extended slides with 6 in (152 mm) barrels
  • 纏距:每圈16 in (406 mm)或1:35.5口徑(.45 ACP)
  • 作業方式: 後座力操作, 後膛關閉, 單動式擊發, 半自動
  • 重量 (未裝填): 2 lb 7 oz (1.1 kg) (government model)
  • 高度: 133 mm (5.25 in)
  • 長度: 210 mm (8.25 in)
檔案:Memory Groove Grip Safety.gif
Memory groove grip safety
  • 容量:7+1枚子彈(標準彈匣可容納7枚;膛室可容納1枚);零部件市場的標準彈匣可容納8+1枚;擴充及高容量彈匣可容納9枚以上frames guns chambered in .38 Super and 9 mm have a 9+1 capacity. Some models using double-stacked magazines, such as those from Para Ordnance, Strayer Voigt Inc and STI International Inc have significantly larger capacities. Colt makes their own 8 round magazines which they include with their Series 80 XSE models.
  • 保險裝置:所有標準M1911(A1)都含有握把保險、機簧分離、滑套卡榫、半擊發狀態、手動保險(located on the left rear of the frame)等保險設置。Several companies have developed a firing pin block. Colt's 80 series uses a trigger operated one and several other manufacturers (such as Smith & Wesson) use one operated by the grip safety.
  • 握把保險鈍化:有些搶手在握槍時會踫到握把保險難以解除的問題,尤其是手較小的槍手。It can also occur when a shooter places his thumb on top of the thumb safety, which tends to reduce pressure on the grip safety. To rectify this problem, a number of grip safety manufacturers have designed safeties with extended ridges, so that when a shooter grips the gun, his hand will come into contact with the ridges and deactivate the safety (i.e., allowing the gun to fire). Some instructors find this "problem" to be a result of poor hand placement, since an 11 year-old was documented able to do so[9], or worn safety components, known to both military[10] and civilian armorers[11] and systematic checks are to be made to verify its functionality.

模板:Commons

註釋

  1. Hallock, Kenneth R., Hallock's .45 Auto Handbook, Kenneth R. Hallock, 1980.
  2. 模板:Citation.
  3. December 2001 Shooting Industry article
  4. U.S. Fire Arms Manufacturing Company also manufactures Model 1910 Automatic, Super .38 Automatic and Ace .22 Long Rifle models, except for caliber, similar to the M1911.
  5. Army Marksmanship Unit: The Pipeline for Spec Ops Weapons
  6. Greek Military
  7. Keep and Bear Arms - Gun Owners Home Page - 2nd Amendment Supporters
  8. TM-9-1005-211-34
  9. Function Check a 1911

參考資料

  • U.S. Military Automatic Pistols 1894-1920 by Edward Scott Meadows (Richard Ellis Publications 1993)
  • Colt 1911 & Early prototypes by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
  • The Colt 1911A1 Explained by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)
  • Early Colt Pistols Models 1900-1902-1903 by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2008)
  • 模板:Citation

外部鏈接

模板:John Browning 模板:WWIUSInfWeaponsNav 模板:WWIIUSInfWeaponsNav 模板:ModernUSInfWeaponsNav